圣经的史前史、目的和政治前景

课程概况

圣经是如何编写的？以及为什么要编写圣经？本课程综合了圣经研究中吸引人的最新研究，提出了一个强大的新论点：《圣经》的主要目的不是宗教上的，而是政治上的。面对灾难性的失败，圣经作者们创建了一个新形式的团体。他们的成就是直接建立在现代政治学、经济学和神学的问题上的。

当城墙被巴比伦军队夷为平地时，耶路撒冷也成为了古代被征服的城市中的一员——乌尔、尼尼微、波斯波利斯和巴比伦本身。有些国家已经从毁灭中恢复了过来，有些则没有。但是在应对政治灾难时，没有人会加工一块精美和持久的纪念碑来记录自己的垮台，就像圣经中那样。大多数被征服的人群把他们的亡国视为耻辱。他们被它抛到了九霄云外，而选择赞美过去的黄金时代。相反，圣经的作者面对失败创作了大量的著作。这些著作承认集体失败，深刻反映其中的原因，从而发现集体的希望。

通过丰富多彩的圣经和古代近东的文本，和一大堆比较性的例子，本课程阐明了圣经作者在面对战败时所采用的彻底的方式，来推进了以团体为中心的大众议程。圣经作者的目的是建立一个国家，他们试图通过文集来实现这一目标，这些文集包括故事和歌曲，智慧和法律。毫无疑问，这个著作文集属于人类最伟大的成就。伟大的近东文明将他们的精力和资源用在了可以被入侵的军队所摧毁的石碑上，而圣经作者留下了文学遗产一直保留到了今天，被大众所研究。更重要的是，这些作者应对失败的远见卓识带来了一个全新的智慧：人民比统治者的更伟大。当一个团体的所有成员都要求分一杯羹时，这个团体也将崩溃，所以我们有理由积极参与集体生活。

With its walls razed to ground by Babylon’s armies, Jerusalem joined a long line of ancient vanquished cities—from Ur and Nineveh and Persepolis to Babylon itself. While some recovered from the destruction, others did not. But none responded to political catastrophe by fashioning the kind of elaborate and enduring monument to their own downfall that we find in the Bible. Most conquered populations viewed their subjugation as a source of shame. They consigned it to oblivion, opting instead to extol the golden ages of the past. The biblical authors in contrast reacted to loss by composing extensive writings that acknowledge collective failure, reflect deeply upon its causes, and discover thereby a ground for collective hope.

Working through colorful biblical and ancient Near Eastern texts, and drawing on an array of comparative examples, the course illustrates the thoroughgoing manner with which biblical authors responded to defeat by advancing a demotic agenda that places the community at the center. The aim of the biblical authors was to create a nation, and they sought to realize this goal via a shared text, which includes stories and songs, wisdom and laws. This corpus of writings belongs, without a doubt, to humanity’s greatest achievements. Whereas the great civilizations of the Near East invested their energies and resources into monuments of stone that could be destroyed by invading armies, the biblical authors left a literary legacy that has been intensively studied until the present day. More important, these authors’ visionary response to defeat brought to light a radical new wisdom: the notion that a people is greater than the state which governs it, and that a community can survive collapse when all of its members can claim a piece of the pie and therefore have a reason to take an active part in its collective life.

课程大纲

周1
完成时间为 3 小时
The Riddle That Has Yet to be Solved
Our larger goal is to understand why the Bible was written. So first we need to take a step back and form a larger view of the world in which the kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged. This module sets the stage for all that follows. Upon completion of this module, learners will be able to: 1) Describe how Israel's geographical location, situated between two great civilizational centers, had a decisive impact on history, 2) Identify why Egypt was interested in Canaan (the land of the Bible), 3) Describe the context in which the oldest references to Israel and places in the land of Israel appear, and 4) Analyze how the withdrawal of Egyptian influence from Canaan made it possible for territorial states (such as Israel and Judah) to emerge in the first millennium BCE.
10 个视频 （总计 67 分钟）, 7 个阅读材料, 1 个测验

周2
完成时间为 3 小时
The Rise and Fall
In the last module, we studied the activity of the great cultures of Egypt and Mesopotamia in the Levant. These major groups played a key role in forming the backdrop for the rise of Israel and Judah. After Egyptian and Mesopotamian rulers withdrew from the area, they left breathing room for smaller groups—such as Israel and Judah—to grow and extend their own power. In this module, we will explore the more modest cultures of Israel and Judah, from the rise and fall of their respective kingdoms. Upon completion of this module, learners will be able to: 1) Differentiate between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and describe the circumstances that led to the rise of both, 2) Identify key figures and causes in the downfall of Israel and Judah, respectively, and 3) Analyze how the biblical authors take creative liberties in their portrayal of historical events pertaining to Israel and Judah.
15 个视频 （总计 131 分钟）, 3 个阅读材料, 1 个测验

周3
完成时间为 4 小时
The Making of the Bible as a Response to Defeat
In this module, we dive into the question of why the biblical authors created the Bible. We begin by looking at various depictions of how Judahites were living after the fall of Judah. These depictions provide us with insight into what the biblical authors were facing after the Assyrian and Babylonian conquests. We then turn our attention to the biblical writings as we deconstruct and reconstruct the text in order to discover what drives the biblical project. By engaging the text critically, we begin to see how the biblical authors creatively combined sources to create a pan-Israelite history. Upon completion of this module, learners will be able to: 1) Differentiate between extrabiblical and biblical depictions of Judahite communities living in various locations after the fall of Judah, 2) Identify distinct traditions or sources within the biblical text and distinguish between core narratives and supplements or links, and 3) Compare and contrast the dominant theories concerned with the composition of the Bible.
15 个视频 （总计 125 分钟）, 6 个阅读材料, 1 个测验

周4
完成时间为 2 小时
Reinventing the Hero
In this module, we will begin by exploring a clue that adds further support to the general thesis of this course (i.e., that the Bible is a project of peoplehood in response to the defeat of the state). That clue is the absence of martyrdom and glorious death in the biblical narratives. We will see how the biblical authors reshape their history as they fashion narratives and law codes that promote “name-making” through procreation rather than heroic death. Through values that we take for granted today, the authors work to ensure the preservation of their people under conditions of foreign rule. Upon completion of this module, learners will be able to: 1) Identify narrative texts and law codes that relate to procreation, heroic death, and the expanded roles for both men and women, 2) Differentiate between the ideals of heroism found in the Bible and those found in non-biblical text, and 3) Understand that these values emerge out of pragmatic concerns related to corporate survival and the formation of a new kind of political community.
12 个视频 （总计 78 分钟）, 2 个阅读材料, 1 个测验

周5
完成时间为 2 小时
A Wise and Discerning People
As in most ancient societies, knowledge and education are reserved for elites. (The situation is not so different today.) This week we will see how the biblical authors depart radically from this principle. The Bible can be understood, Dr. Wright will suggest, as an educational curriculum for the nation. It fosters a broad national consciousness and mobilizes a people after the defeat of the state.Closely related to the Bible’s educational ideals, we will learn how the biblical authors promote a principle of “open access.” They make divine knowledge, rules, regulations publicly available so that the people as a whole can hold in check the power of their leaders. Upon completion of this module, learners will be able to: 1) Identify the distinctive qualities of biblical prophetic and priestly literature, 2) Explain how the Bible may be understood as an educational curriculum for the people as a whole, and 3) Compare the Bible to other pedagogical reforms.
13 个视频 （总计 93 分钟）, 2 个阅读材料, 1 个测验

周6
完成时间为 3 小时
Beyond Morality: The Bible as Political Model
This week, to wrap up our course, we turn back to the question of why with which we began. Why did the Bible originate in ancient Israel and Judah? We will begin by synthesizing what we’ve learned so far in order to bring it to bear on this fundamental question. Thereafter we will examine the most fascinating means by which the biblical authors reshape Israel’s identity. These means include matters that relate to theology, the covenant, and covenantal ethics. We will conclude the course by raising the question of what role the Bible may have to play in our futures. Upon completion of this module, learners will be able to: 1) Answer the question of why the Bible emerged in Israel and Judah rather than in other societies of the ancient Near East, 2) Identify the distinct theological means by which the biblical authors reshape the identity of Israel in their grand project of peoplehood, 3) Discuss the future possibilities of "biblical" projects and of the Bible itself.